An empirical selected for intraperitoneal injection methylcellulose (MC) in order to prevent postoperative adhesions of the abdominal cavity to be examined.
Due to the fact that examine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of MC is not possible (lack of qualitative reactions) to investigate the response of the internal organs in connection with possible toxic effects on organs of the target. However, given these firms Genzym, which experts using proven methods radionukleidnyh complete elimination of carboxymethylcellulose with intraperitoneal its introduction, we assume that the MC and also completely eliminated from the body.
The purpose of the study: the exclusion of the toxic properties of water-soluble gel MTs during its intraperitoneal administration.
Methyl cellulose is a water-soluble cellulose ether and methyl alcohol. Gel on the basis of its psevdoplastichen, according to the literature has no toxicity at the outer and perroralnom application has biological stability, is physiologically inert.
In the experiment, we used white rats - Wistar males weighing 100 - 120 g. We studied five experimental series of 10 rats and the second series - control - 5 rats.
In sterile conditions operbloka chair of operative surgery and topographic anatomy CSMU rats under ether anesthesia by puncture into the abdominal cavity was introduced to 3 ml 3% sterile gel IC test group and 3 ml of isotonic NaCl solution control group.
Animals of experimental group were derived from the experiment at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30th day, and the control group - 3 day.
Upon expiration or termination of the experiment was evaluated: the general brand viagra condition of the animal, general and biochemical blood analysis; mortem examination, removal of the corpse of the liver, spleen, cecum, kidney and breast organocomplex their histology by conventional methods with the color slice hematoxylin + eosin and Van- Gieson, light microscopy and photography of the objects being studied. The obtained data were processed statistically. In all series of general condition, complete blood count (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, white blood cell count and indices of leukocyte formula) are statistically not significantly changed. Biochemical blood tests (carried out using standard sets): studied alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, bilirubin and prothrombin index. In the dynamics of blood parameters between control and experience, statistically significant differences and mean values between control and experimental groups, we have not been identified. At autopsy, none of the cases, pathological changes of the abdominal organs were found. Histological examination of all the membrane of the large intestine pronounced structural features have not. Crypts and lamina propria are not violated, the latest massively infiltrated with lymphocytes. Covering epithelium forms a continuous layer of mesothelial lining of flat epithelial cells presented an elongated shape. Infiltration, edema, degeneration and other pathological changes were observed.
The structure of the lung tissue was normal, the lumen of the alveoli is free, capillary-blooded. The structure of the liver lobules is normal, parenchyma is represented radially oriented trabeculae, between which are seen moderate expansion sinusoidal blood capillary. The cytoplasm of the hepatocyte acidophilic, granular structure. Kernels are rounded, with distinct nucleoli. Endothelial cells and macrophages of the liver was normal. Kidney cells of round shape, regular structure, the cavity of the capsule is free. Well defined outer layer capsule of kidney cells. Proximal and distal convoluted tubules are clearly distinguishable, are formed by renal cubic epithelium with rounded nuclei. Between the tubules thin layer of connective tissue. Renal membrane without apparent pathology. The structure of the normal myocardium. Strands of cardiomyocytes are beams, separated by thin prosloykmi connective tissue. Blood vessels are moderately full-bodied. Cardiomyocyte nucleus oval, structured. Mioplazma slaboatsidofilna. Determined by longitudinal myofibrillar striation. Red and white pulp of the spleen has normal structure. Moderate hyperemia. Red pulp is rich in macrophages with inclusions in the form of hemosiderin and other particles.
Thus, when injected into the abdominal cavity Gel MC changes of clinical, biochemical indices of blood and morphological structure of internal organs we have not been identified. The data obtained suggest that the introduction into the abdominal cavity of the offered funds do not cause any pathological changes.
The use of prophylactic drugs on the basis of MC seems quite promising in the fight against post-operative adhesions and their complications and require further experimental study.
stable remission
careful monitoring
complications
inhibitory effects
many years
Wednesday, January 26, 2011
Thursday, January 20, 2011
Significant dilation
The main symptoms were dysphagia, were observed in 36 (92.3%) patients, regurgitation - in 32 (82,1%), chest pain when swallowing - in 21 (53,8%) patients.
Diagnosis of achalasia was performed using clinical and instrumental methods (radiography, fibroezofagogastroskopiya, endoscopic and transabdominal ultrasonography, esophageal manometry and intragastric pH-metry) [4], the quality of life was assessed on the basis of studying gastrointestinal index - GIQLI.
All patients underwent an operation on the original technique.
Results and discussion
Before surgery, all patients were brand viagra online fully examined, the results of which were refined stage achalasia and determined the indications for surgical treatment and to choose the way of its implementation.
When endoscopic examination in patients with achalasia cardia with stage II esophageal mucosa in the upper and middle thirds was not changed. Tone of the wall was maintained throughout until the restricted area, where there is a moderate suprastenoticheskoe extension. Cardia was tightly knit and not disclosed by insufflation of air. Tube apparatus, regardless of the diameter of free passage in the stomach, bypassing the narrowed portion, mucous which was also intact.
When achalasia stage III exhibited a significant dilation of the esophagus, which contained an empty stomach mucus and food debris. The mucosa of the esophagus had areas of atrophy in the lower third was edematous, hyperemic, places of contact bleeding. Cardia was close, when insufflation is not disclosed, and the tube apparatus 11 mm in diameter passed into the stomach without effort.
The thickness of the muscle layer correlated with the stage of achalasia and stage II is 3-4 mm at III stage was - 6.5 mm. When achalasia stage III in the majority of cases observed diffuse hyperechoic muscle layer at the site of narrowing, as a sign of connective tissue and scarring of the muscular layer.
When oesophageal manometry in all patients there was an increase srednerespiratornogo pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter than 40 mm Hg decrease in the amplitude of peristaltic waves in the body of the esophagus or distal to the site generic levitra less than 35 mm Hg; relax the lower esophageal sphincter on swallowing was less than 60%.
According to a short-term intragastric pH-metry in 31 (79.5%) of 39 patients had giperatsidnyh against the background of basal secretion. On the background of stimulation of patients with giperatsidnyh reached 92,3% (36 patients).
When X-rays detected by a persistent narrowing of the cardia during the 3-4 cm proximal to the restrictions determined by the cylindrical extension of the esophagus throughout, achieved with stage II, 3-5 cm, with stage III 5-6,5 cm with decreased tone of the wall (Fig. 2 ).
Peristaltic waves are slowed down with increased over the narrowed cardia and subsequent weakening. Initial evacuation of the esophagus occurred after 5,8 ± 1,3 min (from 4,5 to 7,5 min) in small and infrequent amounts.
After determining the indications for surgical intervention and conducting pre-operational training of the patients were operated on.
Indications for the surgical treatment of the proposed procedure for achalasia stage was II are:
* Inefficiencies or low effectiveness of conservative treatment (relapse less than 6 months), while conservative treatment consisted of an air cardiodiosis 4-6 sessions at intervals of 4-5 days and 3-5 min exposure with the subsequent appointment or Nitrosorbid corinfar (1 tablet before eating) and sedatives;
* The patient's refusal to fulfill cardiodiosis;
* Severity of clinical symptoms (dysphagia, pain, regurgitation);
* Escort peristaltic activity in the wall of the esophagus above the restriction according to X-ray studies and oesophageal manometry.
When achalasia stage III when surgery is indicated:
* Ineffectiveness or inefficiency of conservative treatment (relapse less than 3 months);
* The patient's refusal to fulfill cardiodiosis;
* Signs of scarring of the muscular layer of the esophagus at the site of the restriction according to endoscopic ultrasonography;
* Preservation of peristaltic activity in the wall of the esophagus above the restriction according to X-ray studies and oesophageal manometry.
reproductive function
insidious iron
lactic acidosis
thrombotic events
Diagnosis of achalasia was performed using clinical and instrumental methods (radiography, fibroezofagogastroskopiya, endoscopic and transabdominal ultrasonography, esophageal manometry and intragastric pH-metry) [4], the quality of life was assessed on the basis of studying gastrointestinal index - GIQLI.
All patients underwent an operation on the original technique.
Results and discussion
Before surgery, all patients were brand viagra online fully examined, the results of which were refined stage achalasia and determined the indications for surgical treatment and to choose the way of its implementation.
When endoscopic examination in patients with achalasia cardia with stage II esophageal mucosa in the upper and middle thirds was not changed. Tone of the wall was maintained throughout until the restricted area, where there is a moderate suprastenoticheskoe extension. Cardia was tightly knit and not disclosed by insufflation of air. Tube apparatus, regardless of the diameter of free passage in the stomach, bypassing the narrowed portion, mucous which was also intact.
When achalasia stage III exhibited a significant dilation of the esophagus, which contained an empty stomach mucus and food debris. The mucosa of the esophagus had areas of atrophy in the lower third was edematous, hyperemic, places of contact bleeding. Cardia was close, when insufflation is not disclosed, and the tube apparatus 11 mm in diameter passed into the stomach without effort.
The thickness of the muscle layer correlated with the stage of achalasia and stage II is 3-4 mm at III stage was - 6.5 mm. When achalasia stage III in the majority of cases observed diffuse hyperechoic muscle layer at the site of narrowing, as a sign of connective tissue and scarring of the muscular layer.
When oesophageal manometry in all patients there was an increase srednerespiratornogo pressure in the lower esophageal sphincter than 40 mm Hg decrease in the amplitude of peristaltic waves in the body of the esophagus or distal to the site generic levitra less than 35 mm Hg; relax the lower esophageal sphincter on swallowing was less than 60%.
According to a short-term intragastric pH-metry in 31 (79.5%) of 39 patients had giperatsidnyh against the background of basal secretion. On the background of stimulation of patients with giperatsidnyh reached 92,3% (36 patients).
When X-rays detected by a persistent narrowing of the cardia during the 3-4 cm proximal to the restrictions determined by the cylindrical extension of the esophagus throughout, achieved with stage II, 3-5 cm, with stage III 5-6,5 cm with decreased tone of the wall (Fig. 2 ).
Peristaltic waves are slowed down with increased over the narrowed cardia and subsequent weakening. Initial evacuation of the esophagus occurred after 5,8 ± 1,3 min (from 4,5 to 7,5 min) in small and infrequent amounts.
After determining the indications for surgical intervention and conducting pre-operational training of the patients were operated on.
Indications for the surgical treatment of the proposed procedure for achalasia stage was II are:
* Inefficiencies or low effectiveness of conservative treatment (relapse less than 6 months), while conservative treatment consisted of an air cardiodiosis 4-6 sessions at intervals of 4-5 days and 3-5 min exposure with the subsequent appointment or Nitrosorbid corinfar (1 tablet before eating) and sedatives;
* The patient's refusal to fulfill cardiodiosis;
* Severity of clinical symptoms (dysphagia, pain, regurgitation);
* Escort peristaltic activity in the wall of the esophagus above the restriction according to X-ray studies and oesophageal manometry.
When achalasia stage III when surgery is indicated:
* Ineffectiveness or inefficiency of conservative treatment (relapse less than 3 months);
* The patient's refusal to fulfill cardiodiosis;
* Signs of scarring of the muscular layer of the esophagus at the site of the restriction according to endoscopic ultrasonography;
* Preservation of peristaltic activity in the wall of the esophagus above the restriction according to X-ray studies and oesophageal manometry.
reproductive function
insidious iron
lactic acidosis
thrombotic events
Sunday, January 9, 2011
Wide range
One of the most difficult issues emergency surgery and intensive therapy remains treatment of inflammatory diseases of the abdominal cavity and complications [2]. Dramatically increased the number of patients with infectious forms of pancreatic necrosis, perforation of the gastrointestinal tract, traumatic injuries of the abdomen, peritonitis of different etiology. Lethality is not a clear downward trend and fluctuates according to the last few years, from 19% to 70% [3, 6]. Of course, saving the lives of patients in these cases depends on timely diagnosis and effective surgical intervention. However, any inflammatory and destructive lesions of abdominal organs are inherently abdominal infectious disease, often leading to development of nekurabelnogo sepsis [10]. In this respect, the role of antibiotic therapy is difficult to underestimate [3, 5].
Not replacing, but complementing the surgical treatment, adequate antibiotic treatment can prevent the generalization of infection, the development of postoperative complications and fatal multiple organ failure [10]. Unfortunately, in this respect, the situation is precarious. On the one hand, in the last few years arsenal of antimicrobial agents has increased considerably. There are new high-penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, etc. However, even these antibiotics are not always able to help with untimely and inadequate in their nomination.
Classification of abdominal surgical infections
The term intra-abdominal infections used to refer to a wide range of infectious processes developing under the action of microorganisms colonizing the gastrointestinal tract and penetrate into other normally sterile areas of the abdominal cavity (the exception is the so-called primary peritonitis). From clinical positions, both in terms of surgical approach, and program planning antimicrobial treatment is essential unit of inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity in uncomplicated and complicated infections.
With uncomplicated infections, no signs of peritonitis and severe systemic inflammatory response. In these cases do not require prolonged some convincing test antimicrobial therapy after surgery, antibiotic treatment is essentially preventive nature.
Complicated infections are characterized by the fact that the infectious process extends beyond the area of its origin, causing peritonitis or abscess formation of the abdominal cavity or retroperitoneum.
Of particular interest are the modern classification of peritonitis as the most frequently recorded forms of complicated intra-abdominal infections.
The etiological classification of peritonitis include primary, secondary and tertiary its shape [6]. Primary peritonitis is a rare form of peritonitis, hematogenous origin of infection of the peritoneum extraperitoneal source. In most cases, primary peritonitis caused hematogenous meningococci, pneumococci, gonococci, staphylococci, enterobacteria and streptococci, are rarely anaerobes. Often, the agent remains unidentified.
Secondary peritonitis is the most common form of complicated intra-abdominal infection and the main reason for abdominal sepsis in surgical patients. In 80% of cases the cause of secondary peritonitis are destructive lesions of the abdominal cavity in 20% of postoperative peritonitis develops after various abdominal surgery.
Tertiary peritonitis or peritonitis manifests without a source brand viagra of infection is a particular problem both in terms of diagnosis and surgical and antibacterial treatment. This recurrent and persistent peritonitis develops in patients in critical states with damage mechanisms of local and systemic anti-infectious protection. Clinical manifestations of such peritonitis erased, characterized by hyperdynamic circulatory disorders, mild hyperthermia, multiple organ dysfunction with no clear local symptoms. At laparotomy causes of peritonitis can not be detected even after repeated surgical interventions. The main reason for this form of peritonitis is an infection with multiresistant strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, or fungi Candida, which is characteristic of nosocomial infection. Effective antibiotic therapy of tertiary peritonitis is very complicated.
The classification and diagnostic scheme of peritonitis developed in the clinic of Surgery them. SI Spasokukotsky SMU is presented below.
1. Underlying disease (the cause of peritonitis)
2. Etiological characteristics (primary, secondary, tertiary)
3. Prevalence (area of lesion of peritoneum)
4. Characteristics of the exudate
5. Phase flow of the process (no signs of sepsis, sepsis, severe sepsis with multiple organ completely insufficient, an infectious-toxic shock)
6. Complications (intraperitoneal, wound infection, nosocomial pneumonia, angiogenic disease; uroinfektsiya).
Bladder cancer
control of glycemia
True cause
Not replacing, but complementing the surgical treatment, adequate antibiotic treatment can prevent the generalization of infection, the development of postoperative complications and fatal multiple organ failure [10]. Unfortunately, in this respect, the situation is precarious. On the one hand, in the last few years arsenal of antimicrobial agents has increased considerably. There are new high-penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, etc. However, even these antibiotics are not always able to help with untimely and inadequate in their nomination.
Classification of abdominal surgical infections
The term intra-abdominal infections used to refer to a wide range of infectious processes developing under the action of microorganisms colonizing the gastrointestinal tract and penetrate into other normally sterile areas of the abdominal cavity (the exception is the so-called primary peritonitis). From clinical positions, both in terms of surgical approach, and program planning antimicrobial treatment is essential unit of inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity in uncomplicated and complicated infections.
With uncomplicated infections, no signs of peritonitis and severe systemic inflammatory response. In these cases do not require prolonged some convincing test antimicrobial therapy after surgery, antibiotic treatment is essentially preventive nature.
Complicated infections are characterized by the fact that the infectious process extends beyond the area of its origin, causing peritonitis or abscess formation of the abdominal cavity or retroperitoneum.
Of particular interest are the modern classification of peritonitis as the most frequently recorded forms of complicated intra-abdominal infections.
The etiological classification of peritonitis include primary, secondary and tertiary its shape [6]. Primary peritonitis is a rare form of peritonitis, hematogenous origin of infection of the peritoneum extraperitoneal source. In most cases, primary peritonitis caused hematogenous meningococci, pneumococci, gonococci, staphylococci, enterobacteria and streptococci, are rarely anaerobes. Often, the agent remains unidentified.
Secondary peritonitis is the most common form of complicated intra-abdominal infection and the main reason for abdominal sepsis in surgical patients. In 80% of cases the cause of secondary peritonitis are destructive lesions of the abdominal cavity in 20% of postoperative peritonitis develops after various abdominal surgery.
Tertiary peritonitis or peritonitis manifests without a source brand viagra of infection is a particular problem both in terms of diagnosis and surgical and antibacterial treatment. This recurrent and persistent peritonitis develops in patients in critical states with damage mechanisms of local and systemic anti-infectious protection. Clinical manifestations of such peritonitis erased, characterized by hyperdynamic circulatory disorders, mild hyperthermia, multiple organ dysfunction with no clear local symptoms. At laparotomy causes of peritonitis can not be detected even after repeated surgical interventions. The main reason for this form of peritonitis is an infection with multiresistant strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci, enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, or fungi Candida, which is characteristic of nosocomial infection. Effective antibiotic therapy of tertiary peritonitis is very complicated.
The classification and diagnostic scheme of peritonitis developed in the clinic of Surgery them. SI Spasokukotsky SMU is presented below.
1. Underlying disease (the cause of peritonitis)
2. Etiological characteristics (primary, secondary, tertiary)
3. Prevalence (area of lesion of peritoneum)
4. Characteristics of the exudate
5. Phase flow of the process (no signs of sepsis, sepsis, severe sepsis with multiple organ completely insufficient, an infectious-toxic shock)
6. Complications (intraperitoneal, wound infection, nosocomial pneumonia, angiogenic disease; uroinfektsiya).
Bladder cancer
control of glycemia
True cause
Sunday, January 2, 2011
True cause
According to the staff of All-Russian Center of Neurology face and neck, neurologist
Yevgeny Nikolayevich Zherlitsyn:
- "Sedentary work" deals with a lot of women. This research
workers, accountants, economists, managers, secretaries, assistants,
translator.
When a man sits at a table in his strained neck muscles, back and
waist - they keep the body upright. If this
DC, the muscles get tired very quickly and begin
produce oxidized products.
- Perhaps this is why for a long time sitting on the work of woman is very
tires quickly and, as they say, feels broken?
- Of course! And in the end it turns into diseases such as
hemorrhoids, varicose veins of the rectum. But this is not
everything. In a seated woman spine is always in the same
position. Very often it becomes a cause of violations of the statics
(Posture) as well as degenerative changes in the vertebrae and intervertebral
drives the rapid development of degenerative disc disease, or radicular radicular
syndromes, the dysfunction of cerebral circulation, vertebrobasilar
failure and even stroke.
In addition, the constant tension of the muscles of neck and back in a seated woman
leads to her so-called headaches
voltage. This is a very unpleasant thing, but it is dangerous not only for itself
yourself ... Many women, not knowing the true cause of the headache
Tension headaches brand name viagra are beginning to swallow handfuls of pills. Effect, as can be
guess is zero. Because of this, further developed psychoneurotic
syndrome, and in the final severely affected her psyche.
- When a woman sits for a long time, she has violated the outflow of blood from the legs. K
What could happen?
- The liquid portion of blood mixed with sweat. Because of this form edema
legs (not for nothing the Americans are so fond put up their feet on the table). A
chronic swelling of the legs, in turn, often causes irreversible
dystrophic changes in the tissues of the lower limbs, varicose
varicose veins. And if this still exists infection, then
Women develop phlebitis and thrombophlebitis.
Sedentary lifestyle (in science it is called physical inactivity) causes
decrease in lung capacity. As a result, all without exception
body tissues are deprived of oxygen. In tissues accumulate
oxidized products (slag), which begin to destroy the organism
inside. In the event that a woman's body is getting enough
oxygen, oxidized products are completely burned and removed from
the body through the kidneys and skin.
Finally, the low mobility and the associated congestion in the pelvis
- The cause of eating disorders small intestine and colon. And this leads to
problems with peristalsis, constipation, colitis, enterocolitis.
Always
Danish scientists
Yevgeny Nikolayevich Zherlitsyn:
- "Sedentary work" deals with a lot of women. This research
workers, accountants, economists, managers, secretaries, assistants,
translator.
When a man sits at a table in his strained neck muscles, back and
waist - they keep the body upright. If this
DC, the muscles get tired very quickly and begin
produce oxidized products.
- Perhaps this is why for a long time sitting on the work of woman is very
tires quickly and, as they say, feels broken?
- Of course! And in the end it turns into diseases such as
hemorrhoids, varicose veins of the rectum. But this is not
everything. In a seated woman spine is always in the same
position. Very often it becomes a cause of violations of the statics
(Posture) as well as degenerative changes in the vertebrae and intervertebral
drives the rapid development of degenerative disc disease, or radicular radicular
syndromes, the dysfunction of cerebral circulation, vertebrobasilar
failure and even stroke.
In addition, the constant tension of the muscles of neck and back in a seated woman
leads to her so-called headaches
voltage. This is a very unpleasant thing, but it is dangerous not only for itself
yourself ... Many women, not knowing the true cause of the headache
Tension headaches brand name viagra are beginning to swallow handfuls of pills. Effect, as can be
guess is zero. Because of this, further developed psychoneurotic
syndrome, and in the final severely affected her psyche.
- When a woman sits for a long time, she has violated the outflow of blood from the legs. K
What could happen?
- The liquid portion of blood mixed with sweat. Because of this form edema
legs (not for nothing the Americans are so fond put up their feet on the table). A
chronic swelling of the legs, in turn, often causes irreversible
dystrophic changes in the tissues of the lower limbs, varicose
varicose veins. And if this still exists infection, then
Women develop phlebitis and thrombophlebitis.
Sedentary lifestyle (in science it is called physical inactivity) causes
decrease in lung capacity. As a result, all without exception
body tissues are deprived of oxygen. In tissues accumulate
oxidized products (slag), which begin to destroy the organism
inside. In the event that a woman's body is getting enough
oxygen, oxidized products are completely burned and removed from
the body through the kidneys and skin.
Finally, the low mobility and the associated congestion in the pelvis
- The cause of eating disorders small intestine and colon. And this leads to
problems with peristalsis, constipation, colitis, enterocolitis.
Always
Danish scientists
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